Influence of static–cyclic load misalignment on the drained tilting response of offshore monopiles in sand

Offshore monopile foundations are exposed to misaligned wind and wave loadings, which respectively dominated by (nearly) static cyclic load components. While the response of these systems unidirectional loading has been extensively investigated, only a few studies have devoted realistic case loads, particularly effects such misalignment on accumulation pile rotation under prolonged cycling. This paper presents 3D finite-element (FE) modelling study relationship between tilt drained conditions, based use SANISAND-MS model enable accurate simulation sand ratcheting. After qualitatively identifying relevant parameters stress/densification mechanisms in soil, specific parametric performed explore impact accumulation. The results show that, comparison loading, static–cyclic gives rise lesser-known pile–soil interaction mechanisms: when direction cycling deviates from that load, “cyclic compression” “direct shearing” begin co-exist. is quantitatively captured newly proposed empirical equation for calibrated against FE obtained this work.